Heres the One of the Oldest Peace Treaties from the Ancient World

http://www.columbia.edu/cu/arthistory/faculty/Bahrani.htmlLets head back to the Early Dynastic Period in ancient Mesopotamia: more specifically, the southern part, a.k.a. Sumer. Around 2500 B.C., the predominant polities, resulting from consolidation of power in small areas, were city-states; they began compete for domination of local resources and influence. Two in particular, Umma and Lagash, battled particularly hard, resulting in the Stele of the Vultures, one of the oldest historiographical monuments. Pretty epic.   There are seven remaining fragments of the Stele of Vultures, now in the Louvre. Found on what was once the town of Girsu, part of Lagashs sphere of influence, it was erected by one Eannatum, ruler of Lagash, around 2460 B.C. The stele depicts Eannatums version of his conflict with the neighboring city-state of Umma over a tract of land bordering both territories. The inscription on the stele is quite long, longer than most votive plaques, indicating that this is a new type of monument. One of the first monuments we know to be intended for public view, its also one the first example historians have of ancient rules of war. The stele has two sides: one historical and one mythological. The first features several different registers, most of which depict the military campaign waged by Lagash against Umma. A chronological narrative is divided into an easily readable tripartite story. One register depicts Eannatum, clad in a fleecy garment worn by kings (here, we see the development of the image of the warrior-king), and marches with tons of fierce soldiers with pikes. Lagash tramples its enemies into the ground. The second register shows a victory parade, soldiers marching behind their king, the next register brings to life funerary proceedings, in which the men of Lagash bury their massacred enemies. On the reverse of the stele, we get the mythological story of how the divine forces intervened on behalf of Lagash. Its in direct contrast to the historiographic narrative featured on the previous side of the stele. According to Eannatum, he was the son of his citys patron god, Ningirsu. Its on behalf of Ningursu that Eannatum claims he went to war; after all, the city of Lagash and its boundaries belonged to the god himself, and it was sacrilege to transgress upon his land. Vultures swarm around the bodies, giving the stele its name. Depicted most prominently on this side is Ningursu, holding the enemy soldiers of Umma in a giant net, the ​shushgal  net.  In one hand he holds the net; in the other is a mace, with which he smacks nude soldiers  in  the net. On top of the net sits a symbol of Ningursu, the mythical  imdugud  bird. Made up of an eagle body and a lion head, the hybrid creature personified the power of rainstorms. As Ningursu, shown as bigger than any human, single-handedly dominates these soldiers, we see the god as a wielder of power on his own; the king served the god of his city (and his putative father), not the other way around. So this imagery is great, but what about the actual treaty between the kings of Lagash and Umma? Placed on the boundary between the two cities, this monument involved oaths to half a dozen really important Sumerian deities, who were always invoked in treaties as witnesses. The men of Umma were supposed to swear by Enlil, another important god, that theyd respect the boundary and the stele. In exchange for Umma giving up its claim to Lagashs land, though, Eannatum promised to rent another tract of territory to Umma. Later, though, it was revealed that Umma never paid rent, so the cities went to war again. Eannatums successor, Enmetena, had to push his enemies back again. In addition to creating a new treaty, Eannatum showed himself a restorer of old monuments, reaffirming himself as a builder-king in the vein of his predecessors, as he rebuilt a stele put up there by King Mesalim of Kish years earlier.   Sources include Zainab Bahranis classes at Columbia University.

William Shakespeare s Sonnet 116 - 944 Words

‘Sonnet 116’ by William Shakespeare and ‘What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, And Where, And Why† by Edna St. Vincent Millay are both sonnets that discuss companionship and a glimpse of the poets’ experiences. In ‘Sonnet 116’, Shakespeare illustrates how capability is weakened by its metaphysical stereotype and ideals such as, love which never seems to wither away according to Shakespeare while on the contrary, in ‘What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, And Where, And Why† Millay feeds on the chaos between the ideal of love and its harsh reality, heartbreak. Both poets seem to be love struck but there is a significant difference in the two. I will compare and contrast ‘Sonnet 116’ by William Shakespeare and ‘What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, And Where, And Why† by Edna St. Vincent Millay. I will also inquire and analyze why this particular form of poetry established different effects. â€Å"â€Å"What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where and Why† and â€Å"Sonnet 116† are, in fact, two different sonnets. â€Å"What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where and Why† is a Petrarchan or Italian sonnet; Due to the fact, that this sonnet has a rhyme scheme that divides the first eight lines from the last six lines. By dividing the poem, the rhyme scheme helps to emphasize the theme. The overall theme of the poem is loss, which occurred in the past. Since the rhyme scheme is divided into two parts; the first part uses the metaphor of lovers while the second part uses the metaphor of a tree. On theShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnet 116981 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare was born in April of 1564. His exact date of birth is unknown. By the time he passed away on April 23, 1616 he was regarded worldwide as the greatest writer in the English language. 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Two of the most famous of Shakespeare’s works, Sonnet 55 [Not Marble, nor the gilded monuments] and sonnet 116 [Let me not to the marriage of true minds], are no exceptionRead MoreSonnet 116 And John Donne1059 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 116† and John Donne’s â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† similarly explore the theme of everlasting true love. However, both poems differ in rhyme scheme, techniques, and meaning. The poets use these tools to convey to the reader that everlasting true love does in fact exist. Although both speak so passionately about said love, only the speaker of Donne’s poem has actually experienced it. While both poems explicate eternal true love, their rhyme scheme differencesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnet 30960 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare s writing about love is exceptionally deep and intensely layered with numerous implications and utilization of rhyme and metaphors. The power of feeling, the profundity of thought, and serious creative energy are all to be found in his sonnets. Shakespeare s Sonnets clarify the value of human relationships by showing that friendship can end one’s own sadness, that love should be commemorated, and that marriage between true minds is loyal and consistent. â€Å"But if the while

The Role and Influence of Mass Media - 1154 Words

Topic 5: The role and influence of mass media Since the development of technology, mass media becomes an important part of modern society. It influences all areas; therefore, it is raising a question among people about what are the role and influence of mass media. The term mass media refers to the channels of communication (media) that exist to reach a large public audience (the mass of the population). Mass media includes newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and more recently, the Internet (Kristinamp; Susan, 2002). Mass media is an efficient supporter in education, policy, entertainment, finance, and all other fields. One function of mass media is education. Mass media supplies an enormous source of documentaries on a wide†¦show more content†¦His bloody crime was quite a disaster. However, it also has been available in mass media for a long time. Therefore, his images and crime were available on all types of mass media. This led to another terrible crime of a younger criminal named Dao Van Tai. He killed two people to rob property. When being asked by police, he admitted committing this crime by copying the crime of Le Van Luyen (â€Å"The second frightened murder,† n.d). Secondly, mass media sometimes invades people’s privacy. Celebrities and politicians are usually the victims because they receive more concern from society than others. The mass media industry sometimes uses private details to make profits rather than showing the full view of somebody’s live to the public; hence, mass media public their scandals or bad behaviour. These invasions are bad for their profession or even destroy their reputation. Mass media even is an origin of spreading out secret information of the government. Once the secret information is leaked out, it will be available all over the world rapidly through mass media. For example, the latest intelligence of the United States, which is flooded in all types of the mass media, is the secret information of the war in Afghanistan. The information really makes the United States nervous. Washington fears it may have lost even more highly sensitive material including an archive of tens of thousands of cable mess ages sent by US embassies around the world,Show MoreRelatedMass Media Usage813 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Media Industries Media Visualization Essay Media Usage Mass media has become a powerful tool in shaping our culture, and is largely reflective of our society today. According to our text book and class lecture notes, mass media can be loosely defined as the technological vehicles through which mass communication takes place, along with the industries which control them. 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A International Journal of Educational Development - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the A International Journal of Educational Development. Answer: The skills of the people are defined as the pattern of behavioral interaction among the people. It can be said that there are three important set of abilities for the people such as the interaction skills of the people, personal effectiveness as well as intercession skills. This skill helps to explore the behavior of an individual and how they will perceive it irrespective of the feeling as well as thinking ability of the people. Peoples skills can also be defined as the different dynamics of ecology and the functions with the people from other personality styles in different environment. Peoples skills include the ability to communicate, empathize as well as understand the behavior of other people. It is also built on trust and sincerity and enhances agreeableness and moderate behavior of the individuals. On the other hand, non-verbal immediacy behaviors helps in reducing the physical distance, display relaxed movements and postures, smile, use gestures and remain engage in eye cont act during different interaction processes. The immediacy behaviors help in attentiveness and to communicate the different availability processes. These behaviors also involve an increase in the sensory stimulation and this are considered as multichannel. There are different types of non-verbal behavior that comprises the immediacy construct of the individuals. The Non-verbal immediacy self-reports is also based on the immediacy of the people that is in relation to communication (York, 2015). This paper will highlight the non-immediacy and peoples skills and it will highlight the different literatures stated by famous researchers. According to Tolan Cameron (2016), the importance of person centered theory is universal, elegant and simple. The experiences of the people are defined as the sensory inputs and this information generally comes from the five senses i.e. from visceral or internal feelings. It can be said that the self-structured model helps an individual to develop and grow accordingly. Moreover, it also helps to symbolize awareness among the people and it is considered as a better way of understanding people and organizing the different experiences in a better way. The person centered theory focus on striving and integrating the organismic experiences of the people around the world with their individual self-structure. Barr(2017) has stated that the skills of the good people are considered as an asset for the organization. These skills are defined as the ability of the individuals to communicate and listen properly and also to relate on the personal and professional experiences of the individuals. T he skills of the good people in communication areas includes the ability of the individuals to grab the required information, participate in effective written and verbal exchange and to clarify the comments of the individuals. These skills can also be developed in a better way through active listening in which it is important to focus on the words of the speakers rather than using their own time to formulate the own individual experiences. It can also be said that empathy of an individual is defined as the ability to have a visceral understanding of the thoughts and the feelings of another individual. These skills helps to put an individual in that persons place and thus recognize the thoughts and feelings of the individual. Hesse(2015) has highlighted that collaboration is an important skill of people and this helps the individuals to work towards a common goal. Cooperation is also defined as the collaborative problem solving skills and it is also considered as a lower ordered vision of the individuals in a particular society. This problem solving skills of the individuals is beneficial when an individual deals with different problems that are considered complex. Moreover, the problem solving skills of an individual also helps in perceiving the discrepancy between the desired goal state and the current state of an individual. The different procedural approach also implies solution and awareness to the nature of problem of an individual. Armstrong(2016) has defined that the skills of the individuals includes the ability to listen attentively and to remain engaged in the conversation. It also includes positive attitude of the individuals and thus this gives opportunity and challenges to the individuals to develop in a more better way. There might also be communication breakdown and thus it results in interpersonal errors and conflicts that leads to the failure of project in different organization. The skills of the individuals are also important in team building and individuals must try to focus while working in a particular project. On the other hand, it is also important to focus on the responsibility skills and attitudes of the individuals and the organization must also hire those workers who can manage themselves and work in a better environment. Cheruvelli et al.,(2014) has also stated that peoples skills allows to relate, communicate and socialize with other people in the organization. These skills include both the verbal and the non-verbal forms of communication. It can be said that the verbal skills includes the ability of the individuals to determine the right thing at the right time. Moreover, people with good verbal skills must also have a clear voice, speak appropriately, have inflexion and be confident in their voice. The poor verbal skills of the individuals must have a proper voice, speak softly with other people and tolerate other people. Cerdin Brewster (2014) has predicted that peoples skills must be learned and there are some people who must have innate sense to forecast good skills. There are some people who might have difficulty in voice inflation and they might not lack proper body language that is considered important in different circumstances. On the other hand, people with social anxiety disorders may f ail to face different social situations and thus their social skills might not be depicted in a proper way at the proper time. The people can express their opinions and views within a group. Schiemann (2014) has highlighted that the skills of the individuals helps in developing emotional intelligence It will also help to resolve the conflict of different individuals in a positive and better way. A person with good skills will take time to listen and then accordingly to the particular situation. Moreover, this person will also not interrupt in any situation and they will try to focus on what other people say and thus understand them. According to Raina Zameer (2016), non verbal immediacy is considered efficient, effective and reliable basis of information for the people. The theories that are associated with non verbal immediacy plays an affective, emotional and relational role in different interpersonal interactions and thus this conveys that information is associated with the attitudes, emotions and motivations of an individual. Many individuals also believe that non-verbal content helps in reflecting the true feelings of an individual and these also helps in delivering the proper content and message to the other individuals. The interpreting non-verbal cues are also considered challenging because it becomes difficult for the individuals to deal with the non-verbal cues in a better way. People must also focus on the body languages and it must be assumed that these non-verbal cues helps in conveying the real message that is present in the behavior of other people. Another important challenge of non-verbal immed iacy may also be referred to as the inability of the individuals to get adapted in self-monitoring and conceal with the emotion of the individuals. Zafarghandi, Salehi Sabet (2016) has highlighted that the non-verbal behavior of the individuals helps in exhibiting better belief system and this must be considered consistent with the cultural beliefs of the individuals. Although in many cases, it has been found that that the success of non-verbal immediacy among intercultural communication must be dependent on the awareness level of the individuals. The non-verbal primacy model depicts that people must rely on the non verbal immediacy when they are engaged in the interpretation of quality and the behavior of the individuals. Moreover, the non verbal immediacy curs are also typically encoded in most cases and there must be a set of interrelated behaviors that needs to work in co-ordination with the physical and psychological processes. Therefore, it can be said that close proximity distance, eye contact, touch, head nods and vocal expressiveness are the commonly used non verbal immediacy cues that are used by different individuals in different situations. These non verbal immediacy cues also conveys negative effect, avoidance, inaccessibility and dislike in different circumstances. People generally depend on non-verbal cues for three important reasons because these non-verbal immediacy in certain cases are considered trustworthy and spontaneous, ontogenetic or phylogenetic because it helps people to adapt to different situations in a better way. Moreover, these non verbal cues also helps in the interpretation of emotions of the individuals. Peoples skills are also considered important for successful career of individuals and in different professions. It is important to maintain a positive attitude and outlook and be a good listener. Therefore, it can be said that both on immediacy behavior and skills of the individ uals are important communication strategies that helps in the development of individuals. References Armstrong, M. (2016).How to manage people. Kogan Page Publishers. Barr, H. (2017). Defining social studies.Teachers and curriculum,1(1). Cerdin, J. L., Brewster, C. (2014). Talent management and expatriation: Bridging two streams of research and practice.Journal of World Business,49(2), 245-252. Cheruvelil, K. S., Soranno, P. A., Weathers, K. C., Hanson, P. C., Goring, S. J., Filstrup, C. T., Read, E. K. (2014). Creating and maintaining high?performing collaborative research teams: the importance of diversity and interpersonal skills.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,12(1), 31-38. Hesse, F., Care, E., Buder, J., Sassenberg, K., Griffin, P. (2015). A framework for teachable collaborative problem solving skills. InAssessment and teaching of 21st century skills(pp. 37-56). Springer Netherlands. Raina, R., Zameer, A. (2016). A study of non-verbal immediacy behaviour from the perspective of Indian cultural context, gender and experience.International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management,13(1), 35-56. Schiemann, W. A. (2014). From talent management to talent optimization.Journal of World Business,49(2), 281-288. Tolan, J., Cameron, R. (2016).Skills in person-centred counselling psychotherapy. Sage. York, D. (2015). Non-verbal immediacy's role in student learning.Journal of Media and Communication Studies,7(1), 1. Zafarghandi, A. M., Salehi, S., Sabet, M. K. (2016). The Effect of EFL Teachers Extrovert and Introvert Personality on Their Instructional Immediacy.International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature,5(1), 57-64. Furlich, S. A. (2016). Understanding Instructor Nonverbal Immediacy, Verbal Immediacy, and Student Motivation at a Small Liberal Arts University.Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning,16(3), 11-22. Hargittai, E., Shaw, A. (2015). Mind the skills gap: the role of Internet know-how and gender in differentiated contributions to Wikipedia.Information, communication society,18(4), 424-442. Limbu, Y. B., Limbu, Y. B., Jayachandran, C., Jayachandran, C., Babin, B. J., Babin, B. J., ... Peterson, R. T. (2016). Empathy, nonverbal immediacy, and salesperson performance: the mediating role of adaptive selling behavior.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,31(5), 654-667. Shams, F., Khan, N., Zainab, B., Shah, K., Farid, N. (2016). Non-Verbal Communication and Its Effect on Students at Secondary Level in District Buner, Pakistan.Language in India,16(2). Valiente, O. (2014). The OECD skills strategy and the education agenda for development.International Journal of Educational Development,39, 40-48.